conf.json

@@ -1,16 +0,0 @@
-{
-    "user": "borys",
-    "email": "borys@mpabi.pl",
-    "remotes": [
-        {
-            "name": "borys",
-            "protocol": "http",
-            "domain": "ckziuslubice.pl",
-            "port": "3000",
-            "token_name": "token",
-            "token": "66499e1679464e4eabea4a7fa0a11710bb26d8ac",
-            "group": "c2023",
-            "project": "dnsmasq"
-        }
-    ]
-}

doc/main.md

@@ -0,0 +1,273 @@
+---
+title: Basic Configuration of dnsmasq in an Incus Container on Debian
+  with Netplan
+---
+
+# Introduction
+
+This guide provides step-by-step instructions for setting up `dnsmasq`
+as a DNS and DHCP server in an Incus container running Debian. The
+network configuration is managed using Netplan to ensure proper network
+integration.
+
+# Prerequisites
+
+Before proceeding, ensure the following:
+
+\- Incus is installed on the host system (`sudo apt install incus`).
+
+\- A Debian-based container is created in Incus.
+
+\- Basic knowledge of Linux networking and container management.
+
+\- Root or sudo access to the host and container.
+
+# Step-by-Step Configuration
+
+## Creating and Setting Up the Incus Container
+
+Create a Debian container named `deb1` using the following commands on
+the host:
+
+``` {.bash language="bash"}
+incus create images:debian/12 deb1
+incus config set deb1 security.syscalls.intercept.mount true
+incus config set deb1 security.nesting true
+incus config set deb1 security.privileged true
+incus start deb1
+```
+
+The `security.syscalls.intercept.mount`, `security.nesting`, and
+`security.privileged` settings are required for `dnsmasq` and Docker to
+function correctly in the container.
+
+## Firewall Configuration
+
+To allow traffic forwarding between the `incusbr0` bridge and the `wlo1`
+wireless interface, the following iptables rules are applied:
+
+    sudo iptables -A FORWARD -i incusbr0 -o wlo1 -j ACCEPT
+    sudo iptables -A FORWARD -i wlo1 -o incusbr0 -m state --state RELATED,ESTABLISHED -j ACCEPT
+
+## Installing Additional Packages
+
+Install the necessary packages inside the container:
+
+``` {.bash language="bash"}
+incus exec deb1 -- apt update
+incus exec deb1 -- apt install -y \
+    netplan.io \
+    sudo vim nano git tmux mc zip unzip curl wget htop lynx \
+    iproute2 termshark bridge-utils \
+    python3 python3-ipython python3-pyroute2 python3-scapy \
+    docker.io docker-compose
+```
+
+## Configuring Users and Permissions
+
+Configure user access and permissions within the container.
+
+### Changing the Root Password
+
+Set the root password to \"passroot\":
+
+``` {.bash language="bash"}
+incus exec deb1 -- bash -c 'echo "root:passroot" | chpasswd'
+```
+
+### Adding a New User
+
+Add a new user named \"user\" with the password \"pass\" and add them to
+the \"sudo\" and \"docker\" groups:
+
+``` {.bash language="bash"}
+sudo useradd -m -s /bin/bash -G sudo user && echo 'user:pass' | sudo chpasswd
+```
+
+## Accessing the Container
+
+Access the container's shell:
+
+``` {.bash language="bash"}
+incus exec deb1 -- su - user 
+```
+
+# Setting Up a Veth Pair Between Container and Network Namespace
+
+To enable direct communication between a container and a network
+namespace, a virtual Ethernet (`veth`) pair is created. The following
+Python script (`link.py`) is used to create a `veth` pair between the
+`deb1` (an Incus container) and the `ns1` network namespace, with
+interfaces named `vA` and `vB`.
+
+    sudo python3 link.py -n1 vA -t2 incus -ns2 deb1 -n2 vB
+
+This command:
+
+\- Creates a `veth` pair with one end (`vA`) in the default namespace
+and the other end (`vB`) in the `deb1`'s network namespace.
+
+\- Ensures the interfaces are set up and operational, allowing network
+traffic to flow between the container and the `ns1` namespace (or
+default namespace if `ns1` is not explicitly created).
+
+The script uses the `pyroute2` library to manage network interfaces and
+namespaces, and supports container types such as Incus, LXC, LXD, and
+Docker. Ensure the `deb1` is running in Incus before executing the
+command.
+
+## Configuring the Network with Netplan
+
+Configure the container's network using Netplan to assign a static IP
+address. Create or edit the Netplan configuration file at
+`/etc/netplan/01-netcfg.yaml`:
+
+``` {.bash language="bash"}
+incus exec deb1 -- nano /etc/netplan/01-netcfg.yaml
+```
+
+Add the following configuration:
+
+``` {.yaml language="yaml"}
+network:
+  version: 2
+  ethernets:
+    vB:
+      dhcp4: no
+      addresses:
+        - 192.168.1.10/24
+      routes:
+        - to: default
+          via: 192.168.1.1
+      nameservers:
+        addresses: [8.8.8.8, 8.8.4.4]
+```
+
+Apply the configuration:
+
+``` {.bash language="bash"}
+incus exec deb1 -- netplan apply
+```
+
+## Installing dnsmasq
+
+Update the package list and install `dnsmasq`:
+
+``` {.bash language="bash"}
+incus exec deb1 -- apt update
+incus exec deb1 -- apt install dnsmasq -y
+```
+
+## Configuring dnsmasq
+
+Edit the `dnsmasq` configuration file at `/etc/dnsmasq.conf`:
+
+``` {.bash language="bash"}
+incus exec deb1 -- nano /etc/dnsmasq.conf
+```
+
+Add or modify the following settings to enable DNS and DHCP:
+
+    # DNS settings
+    domain-needed
+    bogus-priv
+    no-resolv
+    server=8.8.8.8
+    server=8.8.4.4
+    local=/example.local/
+    domain=example.local
+
+    # DHCP settings
+    dhcp-range=192.168.1.100,192.168.1.200,12h
+    dhcp-option=3,192.168.1.1
+    dhcp-option=6,8.8.8.8,8.8.4.4
+
+**Explanation:**
+
+\- `domain-needed`: Prevents incomplete domain names from being sent to
+upstream DNS.
+
+\- `bogus-priv`: Blocks reverse DNS lookups for private IP ranges.
+
+\- `no-resolv`: Disables reading `/etc/resolv.conf`.
+
+\- `server`: Specifies upstream DNS servers (Google DNS in this case).
+
+\- `local` and `domain`: Configures a local domain.
+
+\- `dhcp-range`: Defines the IP range for DHCP clients (from
+192.168.1.100 to 192.168.1.200, lease time 12 hours).
+
+\- `dhcp-option`: Sets the default gateway (option 3) and DNS servers
+(option 6).
+
+## System-Level Adjustments for Network Stability
+
+In some cases, especially in nested or privileged containers, additional
+system-level adjustments are necessary to ensure proper network
+functionality and avoid conflicts.
+
+To remount the `/sys` filesystem as read-write (required if certain
+networking tools fail due to mount restrictions):
+
+``` {.bash language="bash"}
+sudo mount -o remount,rw /sys
+sudo systemctl restart systemd-udevd
+```
+
+Additionally, to prevent DNS conflicts with `systemd-resolved`, which
+may interfere with `dnsmasq`, stop and disable the service:
+
+``` {.bash language="bash"}
+sudo systemctl stop systemd-resolved
+sudo systemctl disable systemd-resolved
+```
+
+This ensures that `dnsmasq` can bind to port 53 without conflicts. If
+you require `systemd-resolved`, consider configuring it to listen on a
+different interface or using socket activation.
+
+## Starting and Enabling dnsmasq
+
+Restart and enable the `dnsmasq` service:
+
+``` {.bash language="bash"}
+incus exec deb1 -- systemctl restart dnsmasq
+incus exec deb1 -- systemctl enable dnsmasq
+```
+
+Verify that `dnsmasq` is running:
+
+``` {.bash language="bash"}
+incus exec deb1 -- systemctl status dnsmasq
+```
+
+## Testing the Configuration
+
+Test DNS resolution from within the container:
+
+``` {.bash language="bash"}
+incus exec deb1 -- nslookup example.local 192.168.1.10
+```
+
+To test DHCP, connect a client device to the same network and verify
+that it receives an IP address in the range
+`192.168.1.100–192.168.1.200`.
+
+# Troubleshooting
+
+If `dnsmasq` fails to start:
+
+\- Check the logs: `incus exec deb1 – journalctl -u dnsmasq`.
+
+\- Ensure no other service is using port 53 (DNS) or 67 (DHCP).
+
+\- Verify the network configuration with `incus exec deb1 – ip a` and
+`incus exec deb1 – ping 8.8.8.8`.
+
+# Conclusion
+
+This guide configures `dnsmasq` as a DNS and DHCP server in an Incus
+container on Debian. The Netplan configuration ensures proper network
+setup. For advanced configurations, refer to the `dnsmasq` documentation
+(`man dnsmasq`).

doc/main.tex

@@ -0,0 +1,260 @@
+\documentclass[a4paper,12pt]{article}
+\usepackage[utf8]{inputenc}
+\usepackage[T1]{fontenc}
+\usepackage{lmodern}
+\usepackage{geometry}
+\geometry{margin=1in}
+\usepackage{listings}
+\usepackage{xcolor}
+\usepackage{parskip}
+
+\lstset{
+  basicstyle=\ttfamily\small,
+  breaklines=true,
+  frame=single,
+  numbers=left,
+  numberstyle=\tiny,
+  keywordstyle=\color{blue},
+  commentstyle=\color{gray},
+  stringstyle=\color{red}
+}
+
+% Define YAML language for listings
+\lstdefinelanguage{yaml}{
+  keywords={true,false,null,yaml,network,version,ethernets,dhcp4,addresses,routes,to,via,nameservers},
+  keywordstyle=\color{blue}\bfseries,
+  basicstyle=\ttfamily\small,
+  sensitive=false,
+  comment=[l]{\#},
+  commentstyle=\color{gray}\itshape,
+  stringstyle=\color{red},
+  morestring=[b]{"},
+  morestring=[b]{'}
+}
+
+\begin{document}
+
+\title{Basic Configuration of dnsmasq in an Incus Container on Debian with Netplan}
+\author{}
+\date{}
+\maketitle
+
+\section{Introduction}
+This guide provides step-by-step instructions for setting up \texttt{dnsmasq} as a DNS and DHCP server in an Incus container running Debian. The network configuration is managed using Netplan to ensure proper network integration.
+
+\section{Prerequisites}
+Before proceeding, ensure the following:
+
+  
+- Incus is installed on the host system (\texttt{sudo apt install incus}).
+  
+- A Debian-based container is created in Incus.
+  
+- Basic knowledge of Linux networking and container management.
+  
+- Root or sudo access to the host and container.
+
+
+\section{Step-by-Step Configuration}
+
+\subsection{Creating and Setting Up the Incus Container}
+Create a Debian container named \texttt{deb1} using the following commands on the host:
+\begin{lstlisting}[language=bash]
+incus create images:debian/12 deb1
+incus config set deb1 security.syscalls.intercept.mount true
+incus config set deb1 security.nesting true
+incus config set deb1 security.privileged true
+incus start deb1
+\end{lstlisting}
+The \texttt{security.syscalls.intercept.mount}, \texttt{security.nesting}, and \texttt{security.privileged} settings are required for \texttt{dnsmasq} and Docker to function correctly in the container.
+
+\subsection{Firewall Configuration}
+To allow traffic forwarding between the \texttt{incusbr0} bridge and the \texttt{wlo1} wireless interface, the following iptables rules are applied:
+
+\begin{lstlisting}
+sudo iptables -A FORWARD -i incusbr0 -o wlo1 -j ACCEPT
+sudo iptables -A FORWARD -i wlo1 -o incusbr0 -m state --state RELATED,ESTABLISHED -j ACCEPT
+sudo iptables -P FORWARD ACCEPT
+\end{lstlistingi}
+
+\subsection{Installing Additional Packages}
+Install the necessary packages inside the container:
+\begin{lstlisting}[language=bash]
+incus exec deb1 -- apt update
+incus exec deb1 -- apt install -y \
+    netplan.io \
+    sudo vim nano git tmux mc zip unzip curl wget htop lynx \
+    iproute2 termshark bridge-utils \
+    python3 python3-ipython python3-pyroute2 python3-scapy \
+    docker.io docker-compose
+\end{lstlisting}
+
+\subsection{Configuring Users and Permissions}
+Configure user access and permissions within the container.
+
+\subsubsection{Changing the Root Password}
+Set the root password to "passroot":
+\begin{lstlisting}[language=bash]
+incus exec deb1 -- bash -c 'echo "root:passroot" | chpasswd'
+\end{lstlisting}
+
+\subsubsection{Adding a New User}
+Add a new user named "user" with the password "pass" and add them to the "sudo" and "docker" groups:
+\begin{lstlisting}[language=bash]
+sudo useradd -m -s /bin/bash -G sudo user && echo 'user:pass' | sudo chpasswd
+\end{lstlisting}
+
+\subsection{Accessing the Container}
+Access the container's shell:
+\begin{lstlisting}[language=bash]
+incus exec deb1 -- su - user 
+\end{lstlisting}
+
+\section{Setting Up a Veth Pair Between Container and Network Namespace}
+To enable direct communication between a container and a network namespace, a virtual Ethernet (\texttt{veth}) pair is created. The following Python script (\texttt{link.py}) is used to create a \texttt{veth} pair between the \texttt{deb1} (an Incus container) and the \texttt{ns1} network namespace, with interfaces named \texttt{vA} and \texttt{vB}.
+
+\begin{lstlisting}
+sudo python3 link.py -n1 vA -t2 incus -ns2 deb1 -n2 vB
+\end{lstlisting}
+
+This command:
+
+  
+- Creates a \texttt{veth} pair with one end (\texttt{vA}) in the default namespace and the other end (\texttt{vB}) in the \texttt{deb1}'s network namespace.
+  
+- Ensures the interfaces are set up and operational, allowing network traffic to flow between the container and the \texttt{ns1} namespace (or default namespace if \texttt{ns1} is not explicitly created).
+
+
+The script uses the \texttt{pyroute2} library to manage network interfaces and namespaces, and supports container types such as Incus, LXC, LXD, and Docker. Ensure the \texttt{deb1} is running in Incus before executing the command.
+
+\subsection{Configuring the Network with Netplan}
+Configure the container's network using Netplan to assign a static IP address. Create or edit the Netplan configuration file at \texttt{/etc/netplan/01-netcfg.yaml}:
+\begin{lstlisting}[language=bash]
+incus exec deb1 -- nano /etc/netplan/01-netcfg.yaml
+\end{lstlisting}
+Add the following configuration:
+\begin{lstlisting}[language=yaml]
+network:
+  version: 2
+  ethernets:
+    vB:
+      dhcp4: no
+      addresses:
+        - 192.168.1.10/24
+      routes:
+        - to: default
+          via: 192.168.1.1
+      nameservers:
+        addresses: [8.8.8.8, 8.8.4.4]
+\end{lstlisting}
+Apply the configuration:
+\begin{lstlisting}[language=bash]
+incus exec deb1 -- netplan apply
+\end{lstlisting}
+
+\subsection{Installing dnsmasq}
+Update the package list and install \texttt{dnsmasq}:
+\begin{lstlisting}[language=bash]
+incus exec deb1 -- apt update
+incus exec deb1 -- apt install dnsmasq -y
+\end{lstlisting}
+
+\subsection{Configuring dnsmasq}
+Edit the \texttt{dnsmasq} configuration file at \texttt{/etc/dnsmasq.conf}:
+\begin{lstlisting}[language=bash]
+incus exec deb1 -- nano /etc/dnsmasq.conf
+\end{lstlisting}
+Add or modify the following settings to enable DNS and DHCP:
+
+\begin{lstlisting}
+# DNS settings
+domain-needed
+bogus-priv
+no-resolv
+server=8.8.8.8
+server=8.8.4.4
+local=/example.local/
+domain=example.local
+
+# DHCP settings
+dhcp-range=192.168.1.100,192.168.1.200,12h
+dhcp-option=3,192.168.1.1
+
+# Opcja DHCP numer 6 (dhcp-option=6) służy do ustawiania adresu serwera DNS dla klientów DHCP
+dhcp-option=6,192.168.1.10
+\end{lstlisting}
+
+\textbf{Explanation:}
+
+  
+- \texttt{domain-needed}: Prevents incomplete domain names from being sent to upstream DNS.
+  
+- \texttt{bogus-priv}: Blocks reverse DNS lookups for private IP ranges.
+  
+- \texttt{no-resolv}: Disables reading \texttt{/etc/resolv.conf}.
+  
+- \texttt{server}: Specifies upstream DNS servers (Google DNS in this case).
+  
+- \texttt{local} and \texttt{domain}: Configures a local domain.
+  
+- \texttt{dhcp-range}: Defines the IP range for DHCP clients (from 192.168.1.100 to 192.168.1.200, lease time 12 hours).
+  
+- \texttt{dhcp-option}: Sets the default gateway (option 3) and DNS servers (option 6).
+
+
+% ————————————————————————————————
+% 🔧 NOWA SEKCJA: System-Level Adjustments
+% ————————————————————————————————
+
+\subsection{System-Level Adjustments for Network Stability}
+In some cases, especially in nested or privileged containers, additional system-level adjustments are necessary to ensure proper network functionality and avoid conflicts.
+
+To remount the \texttt{/sys} filesystem as read-write (required if certain networking tools fail due to mount restrictions):
+\begin{lstlisting}[language=bash]
+sudo mount -o remount,rw /sys
+sudo systemctl restart systemd-udevd
+\end{lstlisting}
+
+Additionally, to prevent DNS conflicts with \texttt{systemd-resolved}, which may interfere with \texttt{dnsmasq}, stop and disable the service:
+\begin{lstlisting}[language=bash]
+sudo systemctl stop systemd-resolved
+sudo systemctl disable systemd-resolved
+\end{lstlisting}
+
+This ensures that \texttt{dnsmasq} can bind to port 53 without conflicts. If you require \texttt{systemd-resolved}, consider configuring it to listen on a different interface or using socket activation.
+
+% ————————————————————————————————
+
+\subsection{Starting and Enabling dnsmasq}
+Restart and enable the \texttt{dnsmasq} service:
+\begin{lstlisting}[language=bash]
+incus exec deb1 -- systemctl restart dnsmasq
+incus exec deb1 -- systemctl enable dnsmasq
+\end{lstlisting}
+Verify that \texttt{dnsmasq} is running:
+\begin{lstlisting}[language=bash]
+incus exec deb1 -- systemctl status dnsmasq
+\end{lstlisting}
+
+\subsection{Testing the Configuration}
+Test DNS resolution from within the container:
+\begin{lstlisting}[language=bash]
+incus exec deb1 -- nslookup example.local 192.168.1.10
+\end{lstlisting}
+To test DHCP, connect a client device to the same network and verify that it receives an IP address in the range \texttt{192.168.1.100--192.168.1.200}.
+
+\section{Troubleshooting}
+If \texttt{dnsmasq} fails to start:
+
+  
+- Check the logs: \texttt{incus exec deb1 -- journalctl -u dnsmasq}.
+  
+- Ensure no other service is using port 53 (DNS) or 67 (DHCP).
+  
+- Verify the network configuration with \texttt{incus exec deb1 -- ip a} and \texttt{incus exec deb1 -- ping 8.8.8.8}.
+
+
+\section{Conclusion}
+This guide configures \texttt{dnsmasq} as a DNS and DHCP server in an Incus container on Debian. The Netplan configuration ensures proper network setup. For advanced configurations, refer to the \texttt{dnsmasq} documentation (\texttt{man dnsmasq}).
+
+\end{document}

doc/~

@@ -0,0 +1,257 @@
+\documentclass[a4paper,12pt]{article}
+\usepackage[utf8]{inputenc}
+\usepackage[T1]{fontenc}
+\usepackage{lmodern}
+\usepackage{geometry}
+\geometry{margin=1in}
+\usepackage{listings}
+\usepackage{xcolor}
+\usepackage{parskip}
+
+\lstset{
+  basicstyle=\ttfamily\small,
+  breaklines=true,
+  frame=single,
+  numbers=left,
+  numberstyle=\tiny,
+  keywordstyle=\color{blue},
+  commentstyle=\color{gray},
+  stringstyle=\color{red}
+}
+
+% Define YAML language for listings
+\lstdefinelanguage{yaml}{
+  keywords={true,false,null,yaml,network,version,ethernets,dhcp4,addresses,routes,to,via,nameservers},
+  keywordstyle=\color{blue}\bfseries,
+  basicstyle=\ttfamily\small,
+  sensitive=false,
+  comment=[l]{\#},
+  commentstyle=\color{gray}\itshape,
+  stringstyle=\color{red},
+  morestring=[b]{"},
+  morestring=[b]{'}
+}
+
+\begin{document}
+
+\title{Basic Configuration of dnsmasq in an Incus Container on Debian with Netplan}
+\author{}
+\date{}
+\maketitle
+
+\section{Introduction}
+This guide provides step-by-step instructions for setting up \texttt{dnsmasq} as a DNS and DHCP server in an Incus container running Debian. The network configuration is managed using Netplan to ensure proper network integration.
+
+\section{Prerequisites}
+Before proceeding, ensure the following:
+
+  
+- Incus is installed on the host system (\texttt{sudo apt install incus}).
+  
+- A Debian-based container is created in Incus.
+  
+- Basic knowledge of Linux networking and container management.
+  
+- Root or sudo access to the host and container.
+
+
+\section{Step-by-Step Configuration}
+
+\subsection{Creating and Setting Up the Incus Container}
+Create a Debian container named \texttt{deb1} using the following commands on the host:
+\begin{lstlisting}[language=bash]
+incus create images:debian/12 deb1
+incus config set deb1 security.syscalls.intercept.mount true
+incus config set deb1 security.nesting true
+incus config set deb1 security.privileged true
+incus start deb1
+\end{lstlisting}
+The \texttt{security.syscalls.intercept.mount}, \texttt{security.nesting}, and \texttt{security.privileged} settings are required for \texttt{dnsmasq} and Docker to function correctly in the container.
+
+\subsection{Firewall Configuration}
+To allow traffic forwarding between the \texttt{incusbr0} bridge and the \texttt{wlo1} wireless interface, the following iptables rules are applied:
+
+\begin{lstlisting}
+sudo iptables -A FORWARD -i incusbr0 -o wlo1 -j ACCEPT
+sudo iptables -A FORWARD -i wlo1 -o incusbr0 -m state --state RELATED,ESTABLISHED -j ACCEPT
+sudo iptables -P FORWARD ACCEPT
+\end{lstlistingi}
+
+\subsection{Installing Additional Packages}
+Install the necessary packages inside the container:
+\begin{lstlisting}[language=bash]
+incus exec deb1 -- apt update
+incus exec deb1 -- apt install -y \
+    netplan.io \
+    sudo vim nano git tmux mc zip unzip curl wget htop lynx \
+    iproute2 termshark bridge-utils \
+    python3 python3-ipython python3-pyroute2 python3-scapy \
+    docker.io docker-compose
+\end{lstlisting}
+
+\subsection{Configuring Users and Permissions}
+Configure user access and permissions within the container.
+
+\subsubsection{Changing the Root Password}
+Set the root password to "passroot":
+\begin{lstlisting}[language=bash]
+incus exec deb1 -- bash -c 'echo "root:passroot" | chpasswd'
+\end{lstlisting}
+
+\subsubsection{Adding a New User}
+Add a new user named "user" with the password "pass" and add them to the "sudo" and "docker" groups:
+\begin{lstlisting}[language=bash]
+sudo useradd -m -s /bin/bash -G sudo user && echo 'user:pass' | sudo chpasswd
+\end{lstlisting}
+
+\subsection{Accessing the Container}
+Access the container's shell:
+\begin{lstlisting}[language=bash]
+incus exec deb1 -- su - user 
+\end{lstlisting}
+
+\section{Setting Up a Veth Pair Between Container and Network Namespace}
+To enable direct communication between a container and a network namespace, a virtual Ethernet (\texttt{veth}) pair is created. The following Python script (\texttt{link.py}) is used to create a \texttt{veth} pair between the \texttt{deb1} (an Incus container) and the \texttt{ns1} network namespace, with interfaces named \texttt{vA} and \texttt{vB}.
+
+\begin{lstlisting}
+sudo python3 link.py -n1 vA -t2 incus -ns2 deb1 -n2 vB
+\end{lstlisting}
+
+This command:
+
+  
+- Creates a \texttt{veth} pair with one end (\texttt{vA}) in the default namespace and the other end (\texttt{vB}) in the \texttt{deb1}'s network namespace.
+  
+- Ensures the interfaces are set up and operational, allowing network traffic to flow between the container and the \texttt{ns1} namespace (or default namespace if \texttt{ns1} is not explicitly created).
+
+
+The script uses the \texttt{pyroute2} library to manage network interfaces and namespaces, and supports container types such as Incus, LXC, LXD, and Docker. Ensure the \texttt{deb1} is running in Incus before executing the command.
+
+\subsection{Configuring the Network with Netplan}
+Configure the container's network using Netplan to assign a static IP address. Create or edit the Netplan configuration file at \texttt{/etc/netplan/01-netcfg.yaml}:
+\begin{lstlisting}[language=bash]
+incus exec deb1 -- nano /etc/netplan/01-netcfg.yaml
+\end{lstlisting}
+Add the following configuration:
+\begin{lstlisting}[language=yaml]
+network:
+  version: 2
+  ethernets:
+    vB:
+      dhcp4: no
+      addresses:
+        - 192.168.1.10/24
+      routes:
+        - to: default
+          via: 192.168.1.1
+      nameservers:
+        addresses: [8.8.8.8, 8.8.4.4]
+\end{lstlisting}
+Apply the configuration:
+\begin{lstlisting}[language=bash]
+incus exec deb1 -- netplan apply
+\end{lstlisting}
+
+\subsection{Installing dnsmasq}
+Update the package list and install \texttt{dnsmasq}:
+\begin{lstlisting}[language=bash]
+incus exec deb1 -- apt update
+incus exec deb1 -- apt install dnsmasq -y
+\end{lstlisting}
+
+\subsection{Configuring dnsmasq}
+Edit the \texttt{dnsmasq} configuration file at \texttt{/etc/dnsmasq.conf}:
+\begin{lstlisting}[language=bash]
+incus exec deb1 -- nano /etc/dnsmasq.conf
+\end{lstlisting}
+Add or modify the following settings to enable DNS and DHCP:
+\begin{lstlisting}
+# DNS settings
+domain-needed
+bogus-priv
+no-resolv
+server=8.8.8.8
+server=8.8.4.4
+local=/example.local/
+domain=example.local
+
+# DHCP settings
+dhcp-range=192.168.1.100,192.168.1.200,12h
+dhcp-option=3,192.168.1.1
+dhcp-option=6,8.8.8.8,8.8.4.4
+\end{lstlisting}
+
+\textbf{Explanation:}
+
+  
+- \texttt{domain-needed}: Prevents incomplete domain names from being sent to upstream DNS.
+  
+- \texttt{bogus-priv}: Blocks reverse DNS lookups for private IP ranges.
+  
+- \texttt{no-resolv}: Disables reading \texttt{/etc/resolv.conf}.
+  
+- \texttt{server}: Specifies upstream DNS servers (Google DNS in this case).
+  
+- \texttt{local} and \texttt{domain}: Configures a local domain.
+  
+- \texttt{dhcp-range}: Defines the IP range for DHCP clients (from 192.168.1.100 to 192.168.1.200, lease time 12 hours).
+  
+- \texttt{dhcp-option}: Sets the default gateway (option 3) and DNS servers (option 6).
+
+
+% ————————————————————————————————
+% 🔧 NOWA SEKCJA: System-Level Adjustments
+% ————————————————————————————————
+
+\subsection{System-Level Adjustments for Network Stability}
+In some cases, especially in nested or privileged containers, additional system-level adjustments are necessary to ensure proper network functionality and avoid conflicts.
+
+To remount the \texttt{/sys} filesystem as read-write (required if certain networking tools fail due to mount restrictions):
+\begin{lstlisting}[language=bash]
+sudo mount -o remount,rw /sys
+sudo systemctl restart systemd-udevd
+\end{lstlisting}
+
+Additionally, to prevent DNS conflicts with \texttt{systemd-resolved}, which may interfere with \texttt{dnsmasq}, stop and disable the service:
+\begin{lstlisting}[language=bash]
+sudo systemctl stop systemd-resolved
+sudo systemctl disable systemd-resolved
+\end{lstlisting}
+
+This ensures that \texttt{dnsmasq} can bind to port 53 without conflicts. If you require \texttt{systemd-resolved}, consider configuring it to listen on a different interface or using socket activation.
+
+% ————————————————————————————————
+
+\subsection{Starting and Enabling dnsmasq}
+Restart and enable the \texttt{dnsmasq} service:
+\begin{lstlisting}[language=bash]
+incus exec deb1 -- systemctl restart dnsmasq
+incus exec deb1 -- systemctl enable dnsmasq
+\end{lstlisting}
+Verify that \texttt{dnsmasq} is running:
+\begin{lstlisting}[language=bash]
+incus exec deb1 -- systemctl status dnsmasq
+\end{lstlisting}
+
+\subsection{Testing the Configuration}
+Test DNS resolution from within the container:
+\begin{lstlisting}[language=bash]
+incus exec deb1 -- nslookup example.local 192.168.1.10
+\end{lstlisting}
+To test DHCP, connect a client device to the same network and verify that it receives an IP address in the range \texttt{192.168.1.100--192.168.1.200}.
+
+\section{Troubleshooting}
+If \texttt{dnsmasq} fails to start:
+
+  
+- Check the logs: \texttt{incus exec deb1 -- journalctl -u dnsmasq}.
+  
+- Ensure no other service is using port 53 (DNS) or 67 (DHCP).
+  
+- Verify the network configuration with \texttt{incus exec deb1 -- ip a} and \texttt{incus exec deb1 -- ping 8.8.8.8}.
+
+
+\section{Conclusion}
+This guide configures \texttt{dnsmasq} as a DNS and DHCP server in an Incus container on Debian. The Netplan configuration ensures proper network setup. For advanced configurations, refer to the \texttt{dnsmasq} documentation (\texttt{man dnsmasq}).
+
+\end{document}

igit.py

@@ -1,111 +0,0 @@
-import argparse
-import json
-import sys
-import subprocess
-import os
-from datetime import datetime
-
-DEFAULT_CONFIG = {
-    "user": "borys",
-    "email": "borys@mpabi.pl",
-    "remotes": [{
-        "name": "borys",  # Zaktualizowano z "default" na "mpabi"
-        "protocol": "http",
-        "domain": "ckziuslubice.pl",
-        "port": "3000",
-        "token_name": "token",
-        "token": "66499e1679464e4eabea4a7fa0a11710bb26d8ac",
-        "group": "c2023",
-        "project": "dnsmasq"
-    }]
-}
-
-def load_or_create_config(config_file, args):
-    config_exists = os.path.exists(config_file) and os.stat(config_file).st_size != 0
-    if config_exists:
-        with open(config_file, 'r') as file:
-            config = json.load(file)
-    else:
-        config = DEFAULT_CONFIG.copy()
-
-    # Znajdź istniejące zdalne repozytorium o podanej nazwie
-    remote = next((remote for remote in config['remotes'] if remote['name'] == args.remote), None)
-
-    # Jeśli istnieje zdalne repozytorium i podano argumenty związane z konfiguracją zdalnego repozytorium
-    if remote:
-        for field in ['protocol', 'domain', 'port', 'token_name', 'token', 'group', 'project']:
-            # Aktualizuj tylko, jeśli argument został jawnie podany
-            if getattr(args, field, None) is not None:
-                remote[field] = getattr(args, field)
-
-    # Jeśli zdalne repozytorium nie istnieje, ale podano nazwę, tworzymy nowe zdalne repozytorium
-    elif args.remote:
-        new_remote = {'name': args.remote}
-        for field in ['protocol', 'domain', 'port', 'token_name', 'token', 'group', 'project']:
-            new_remote[field] = getattr(args, field, DEFAULT_CONFIG['remotes'][0].get(field, '')) 
-            if new_remote[field] == None:
-                new_remote[field] = DEFAULT_CONFIG['remotes'][0].get(field, '')
-        config['remotes'].append(new_remote)
-
-    # Aktualizuj informacje o użytkowniku i email, tylko jeśli zostały podane
-    if getattr(args, 'user', None):
-        config['user'] = args.user
-    if getattr(args, 'email_domain', None):
-        config['email'] = f"{args.user}@{args.email_domain}"
-
-    # Zapisz zmodyfikowaną konfigurację
-    with open(config_file, 'w') as file:
-        json.dump(config, file, indent=4)
-
-    return config
-
-
-def init_git_repo(config):
-    user_name = config['user']
-    user_email = config['email']
-    branch_name = f"{user_name}-{datetime.now().strftime('%Y-%m-%d')}"
-
-    if subprocess.run(["git", "rev-parse", "--git-dir"], stderr=subprocess.DEVNULL).returncode != 0:
-        subprocess.run(["git", "init"])
-        subprocess.run(["git", "config", "user.name", user_name])
-        subprocess.run(["git", "config", "user.email", user_email])
-        subprocess.run(["git", "checkout", "-b", branch_name])
-        print("Git repository initialized.")
-    else:
-        print("Already inside a Git repository. Skipping initialization.")
-
-    remotesFromList = str(subprocess.run(["git", "remote", "-v"], capture_output=True).stdout)
-    remotesFromList = remotesFromList.replace('b\'', "").replace('\'', "").split('\\n')
-    for rm in remotesFromList:
-        name = rm.split("\\t")[0]
-        subprocess.run(["git", "remote", "remove", name], stderr=subprocess.DEVNULL)
-
-    for remote in config['remotes']:
-        remote_url = f"{remote['protocol']}://{remote['token_name']}:{remote['token']}@{remote['domain']}:{remote['port']}/{remote['group']}/{remote['project']}"
-        # Usunięcie i ponowne dodanie zdalnego repozytorium, jeśli jest zaktualizowane
-        #subprocess.run(["git", "remote", "remove", remote['name']], stderr=subprocess.DEVNULL)
-        subprocess.run(["git", "remote", "add", remote['name'], remote_url])
-        print(f"Remote '{remote['name']}' added or updated.")
-
-def main():
-    parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(description="Git repository initializer with custom configuration.")
-    parser.add_argument("--user", help="User name")
-    parser.add_argument("--email_domain", help="Email domain")
-    parser.add_argument("--config", help="Path to the JSON config file", default="conf.json")
-    parser.add_argument("--remote", help="Name of the remote to add or update")
-    parser.add_argument("--protocol", help="Remote protocol")
-    parser.add_argument("--domain", help="Remote domain")
-    parser.add_argument("--port", help="Remote port")
-    parser.add_argument("--token_name", help="Remote token name")
-    parser.add_argument("--token", help="Remote token")
-    parser.add_argument("--group", help="Group name")
-    parser.add_argument("--project", help="Project name")
-
-    args = parser.parse_args()
-
-    config = load_or_create_config(args.config, args)
-    init_git_repo(config)
-    print("Git repository initialized and configured based on the provided configuration.")
-
-if __name__ == "__main__":
-    main()

py/files.py

@@ -0,0 +1,91 @@
+import re
+from pathlib import Path
+
+def get_file_extension_and_default_name(attributes: str, code: str) -> tuple[str, str]:
+    """Determine file extension and default name based on attributes and content."""
+    # Extract language from attributes (e.g., language=bash)
+    language_match = re.search(r'language=(\w+)', attributes)
+    language = language_match.group(1).lower() if language_match else 'unknown'
+
+    if language == 'bash' or 'incus' in code.lower():
+        return '.sh', 'incus_script'
+    elif language == 'yaml':
+        return '.yaml', 'netplan_config'
+    elif language == 'python':
+        return '.py', 'python_script'
+    else:
+        # Assume .conf for blocks without language or resembling config
+        return '.conf', 'dnsmasq_config'
+
+def generate_unique_filename(base_dir: Path, base_name: str, extension: str) -> Path:
+    """Generate a unique filename by appending a number if the file exists."""
+    counter = 1
+    while True:
+        filename = f"{base_name}_{counter}{extension}"
+        file_path = base_dir / filename
+        if not file_path.exists():
+            return file_path
+        counter += 1
+
+def extract_listings():
+    """Extract lstlisting code blocks from main.tex and save to scripts folder."""
+    # Define paths
+    base_dir = Path(__file__).parent.parent  # ~/edu/paso/dnsmasq
+    tex_file = base_dir / 'doc' / 'main.tex'
+    scripts_dir = base_dir / 'scripts'
+
+    # Ensure scripts directory exists
+    scripts_dir.mkdir(exist_ok=True)
+
+    # Read the LaTeX file
+    try:
+        with open(tex_file, 'r', encoding='utf-8') as f:
+            content = f.read()
+    except FileNotFoundError:
+        print(f"Error: {tex_file} not found")
+        return
+    except Exception as e:
+        print(f"Error reading {tex_file}: {str(e)}")
+        return
+
+    # Regex to match lstlisting environments
+    # Captures optional attributes [language=...,label=...] and code block content
+    pattern = r'\\begin\{lstlisting\}(\[(.*?)\])?(.*?)\\end\{lstlisting\}'
+    matches = re.finditer(pattern, content, re.DOTALL)
+
+    extracted_count = 0
+
+    for match in matches:
+        # Extract attributes (if any) and code
+        attributes = match.group(2) or ''  # Empty string if no attributes
+        code = match.group(3).strip()
+
+        # Extract label from attributes (e.g., label={setup_container})
+        label_match = re.search(r'label=\{([^}]+)\}', attributes)
+        label = label_match.group(1) if label_match else None
+
+        # Get file extension and default name
+        extension, default_name = get_file_extension_and_default_name(attributes, code)
+
+        # Use label if available, otherwise use default name
+        base_name = label if label else default_name
+
+        # Generate unique filename
+        file_path = generate_unique_filename(scripts_dir, base_name, extension)
+
+        # Save the code block to a file
+        try:
+            with open(file_path, 'w', encoding='utf-8') as f:
+                f.write(code)
+            print(f"Saved code block to {file_path}")
+            extracted_count += 1
+        except Exception as e:
+            print(f"Error saving {file_path}: {str(e)}")
+
+    if extracted_count == 0:
+        print("No lstlisting code blocks found in main.tex")
+    else:
+        print(f"Completed: Extracted {extracted_count} code block(s) to {scripts_dir}")
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    extract_listings()

py/link.py

@@ -0,0 +1,430 @@
+import argparse
+import os
+import subprocess
+import sys
+from pyroute2 import IPRoute, NetNS
+
+class NetworkNamespaceManager:
+    """
+    Provides functionalities to manage network namespaces.
+
+    Network namespaces partition network resources such as network links,
+    IP addresses, and port numbers into disjoint sets.
+    """
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def list_netns():
+        """
+        List all available network namespaces.
+
+        Scans the '/var/run/netns' directory and prints out all 
+        the network namespace files present. If no namespaces are found, it 
+        prints a message indicating that.
+        """
+        netns_dir = "/var/run/netns"
+        try:
+            netns_files = os.listdir(netns_dir)
+            if netns_files:
+                print("List of available network namespaces:")
+                for netns_file in netns_files:
+                    print(f"- {netns_file}")
+            else:
+                print("No network namespaces found.")
+        except OSError as e:
+            print(f"Error listing network namespaces: {e}")
+
+class ContainerNetnsExposer:
+    """
+    Responsible for exposing network namespaces of containers.
+
+    Supports Docker, LXC, LXD, and Incus containers, allowing the user to interact 
+    with their network namespaces.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self):
+        """
+        Initializes the ContainerNetnsExposer instance.
+        """
+        self.netns_pid = None
+        self.netns_path = None
+
+    def expose_container_netns(self, container_id_or_name, container_type='docker'):
+        """
+        Expose the network namespace of a specified container.
+
+        Parameters:
+            container_id_or_name (str): The identifier or name of the container.
+            container_type (str): The type of the container ('docker', 'lxc', 'lxd', or 'incus').
+
+        Returns:
+            str: The PID of the container as a string.
+
+        Raises:
+            SystemExit: If the container type is unsupported or if there is an error 
+            in retrieving the container's PID.
+        """
+        if container_type == 'docker':
+            self.get_docker_container_pid(container_id_or_name)
+        elif container_type in ('lxc', 'lxd', 'incus'):
+            self.get_lxc_container_pid(container_id_or_name, container_type)
+        else:
+            print("Unsupported container type. Only 'docker', 'lxc', 'lxd', and 'incus' are supported.")
+            sys.exit(1)
+
+        self.create_netns_directory()
+        self.create_or_remove_netns_symlink()
+        return str(self.netns_pid)
+
+    def get_docker_container_pid(self, container_id_or_name):
+        """
+        Retrieve the PID of a Docker container.
+
+        Parameters:
+            container_id_or_name (str): The identifier or name of the Docker container.
+
+        Raises:
+            SystemExit: If there is an error in retrieving the Docker container's PID.
+        """
+        try:
+            self.netns_pid = subprocess.check_output(
+                ["sudo", "docker", "inspect", "-f", "{{.State.Pid}}", container_id_or_name],
+                universal_newlines=True
+            ).strip()
+        except subprocess.CalledProcessError:
+            print("Error retrieving Docker container PID. Make sure the container exists and is running.")
+            sys.exit(1)
+
+    def get_lxc_container_pid(self, container_name, container_type='lxc'):
+        """
+        Retrieve the PID of an LXC, LXD, or Incus container.
+
+        Parameters:
+            container_name (str): The name of the container.
+            container_type (str): The type of the container ('lxc', 'lxd', or 'incus').
+
+        Raises:
+            SystemExit: If there is an error in retrieving the container's PID.
+        """
+        try:
+            if container_type == 'lxc':
+                output = subprocess.check_output(
+                    ["lxc-info", "-n", container_name, "-p"],
+                    universal_newlines=True
+                )
+                self.netns_pid = output.strip().split()[-1]
+            elif container_type == 'lxd':
+                output = subprocess.check_output(
+                    ["sudo", "lxc", "info", container_name],
+                    universal_newlines=True
+                )
+                for line in output.splitlines():
+                    if line.strip().startswith("PID:"):
+                        self.netns_pid = line.split(':')[1].strip()
+                        break
+                else:
+                    print(f"PID not found in 'lxc info' output for container '{container_name}'.")
+                    sys.exit(1)
+            elif container_type == 'incus':
+                output = subprocess.check_output(
+                    ["sudo", "incus", "info", container_name],
+                    universal_newlines=True
+                )
+                for line in output.splitlines():
+                    if line.strip().startswith("PID:"):
+                        self.netns_pid = line.split(':')[1].strip()
+                        break
+                else:
+                    print(f"PID not found in 'incus info' output for container '{container_name}'.")
+                    sys.exit(1)
+        except subprocess.CalledProcessError as e:
+            print(f"Error retrieving {container_type.upper()} container PID for '{container_name}'. Error: {e}")
+            sys.exit(1)
+
+    def create_netns_directory(self):
+        """
+        Create the network namespace directory if it does not exist.
+
+        Ensures that the directory '/var/run/netns' exists, which is used
+        to store network namespace symlinks.
+        """
+        try:
+            subprocess.run(["sudo", "mkdir", "-p", "/var/run/netns"], check=True)
+        except subprocess.CalledProcessError as e:
+            print(f"Error creating network namespace directory: {e.stderr.strip()}")
+            sys.exit(1)
+
+    def create_or_remove_netns_symlink(self):
+        """
+        Create or remove a symlink to the network namespace of a container.
+
+        Sets up a symlink in '/var/run/netns', pointing to the network namespace 
+        of the container identified by its PID. If a symlink with the same name 
+        already exists, it is removed before creating a new one.
+        """
+        self.netns_path = f"/var/run/netns/{self.netns_pid}"
+
+        try:
+            if os.path.exists(self.netns_path):
+                subprocess.run(["sudo", "rm", "-rf", self.netns_path], check=True)
+            subprocess.run(["sudo", "ln", "-s", f"/proc/{self.netns_pid}/ns/net", self.netns_path], check=True)
+        except subprocess.CalledProcessError as e:
+            print(f"Error creating or removing symlink: {e}")
+            sys.exit(1)
+
+class IfaceManager:
+    """
+    Manages network interfaces, including creation, deletion, and configuration
+    of veth pairs, VLANs, and bridges.
+    """
+
+    def delete(self, iface_name, namespace=None):
+        """
+        Delete a network interface.
+
+        Parameters:
+            iface_name (str): The name of the interface to delete.
+            namespace (str, optional): The network namespace where the interface exists.
+
+        Raises:
+            Exception: If the interface cannot be deleted.
+        """
+        try:
+            if namespace:
+                context_manager = NetNS(namespace)
+            else:
+                context_manager = IPRoute()
+
+            with context_manager as ns:
+                iface_idx_list = ns.link_lookup(ifname=iface_name)
+                if not iface_idx_list:
+                    raise ValueError(f"Interface {iface_name} not found.")
+                iface_idx = iface_idx_list[0]
+                ns.link('del', index=iface_idx)
+        except Exception as e:
+            print(f"Error deleting interface {iface_name} in namespace {namespace}: {e}")
+
+    def create_veth(self, iface1, iface2, namespace=None):
+        """
+        Create a veth pair.
+
+        Parameters:
+            iface1 (str): The name of the first interface.
+            iface2 (str): The name of the second interface.
+            namespace (str, optional): The network namespace where to create the veth pair.
+
+        Raises:
+            Exception: If the veth pair cannot be created.
+        """
+        try:
+            if namespace:
+                context_manager = NetNS(namespace)
+            else:
+                context_manager = IPRoute()
+
+            with context_manager as ns:
+                ns.link('add', ifname=iface1, peer={'ifname': iface2}, kind='veth')
+        except Exception as e:
+            print(f"Error creating veth pair {iface1} and {iface2}: {e}")
+
+    def create_vlan(self, base_iface, vlan_id, namespace=None):
+        """
+        Create a VLAN interface.
+
+        Parameters:
+            base_iface (str): The base interface name.
+            vlan_id (int): The VLAN ID.
+            namespace (str, optional): The network namespace where to create the VLAN interface.
+
+        Raises:
+            Exception: If the VLAN interface cannot be created.
+        """
+        try:
+            if namespace:
+                context_manager = NetNS(namespace)
+            else:
+                context_manager = IPRoute()
+
+            with context_manager as ns:
+                base_iface_idx_list = ns.link_lookup(ifname=base_iface)
+                if not base_iface_idx_list:
+                    raise ValueError(f"Base interface {base_iface} not found.")
+                base_iface_idx = base_iface_idx_list[0]
+
+                vlan_iface = f"{base_iface}.{vlan_id}"
+                ns.link('add', ifname=vlan_iface, link=base_iface_idx, kind='vlan', vlan_info={'id': vlan_id})
+        except Exception as e:
+            print(f"Error creating VLAN on interface {base_iface}: {e}")
+
+    def create_bridge(self, bridge_name, namespace=None):
+        """
+        Create a bridge interface.
+
+        Parameters:
+            bridge_name (str): The name of the bridge.
+            namespace (str, optional): The network namespace where to create the bridge.
+
+        Raises:
+            Exception: If the bridge cannot be created.
+        """
+        try:
+            if namespace:
+                context_manager = NetNS(namespace)
+            else:
+                context_manager = IPRoute()
+
+            with context_manager as ns:
+                ns.link('add', ifname=bridge_name, kind='bridge')
+        except Exception as e:
+            print(f"Error creating bridge {bridge_name}: {e}")
+
+    def move(self, iface, namespace):
+        """
+        Move a network interface to another namespace.
+
+        Parameters:
+            iface (str): The interface name to move.
+            namespace (str): The target network namespace.
+
+        Raises:
+            Exception: If the interface cannot be moved.
+        """
+        try:
+            ipr = IPRoute()
+            idx_list = ipr.link_lookup(ifname=iface)
+            if not idx_list:
+                raise ValueError(f"Interface {iface} not found.")
+            idx = idx_list[0]
+            ipr.link('set', index=idx, net_ns_fd=namespace)
+        except Exception as e:
+            print(f"Error moving interface {iface} to namespace {namespace}: {e}")
+
+    def set_interface_up(self, iface_name, namespace=None):
+        """
+        Set a network interface up.
+
+        Parameters:
+            iface_name (str): The name of the interface.
+            namespace (str, optional): The network namespace where the interface exists.
+
+        Raises:
+            Exception: If the interface cannot be set up.
+        """
+        try:
+            if namespace:
+                context_manager = NetNS(namespace)
+            else:
+                context_manager = IPRoute()
+
+            with context_manager as ns:
+                iface_idx_list = ns.link_lookup(ifname=iface_name)
+                if not iface_idx_list:
+                    raise ValueError(f"Interface {iface_name} not found.")
+                iface_idx = iface_idx_list[0]
+                ns.link("set", index=iface_idx, state="up")
+        except Exception as e:
+            print(f"Error setting up interface {iface_name} in namespace {namespace}: {e}")
+
+    def attach_to_bridge(self, iface_name, bridge_name, namespace=None):
+        """
+        Attach an interface to a bridge.
+
+        Parameters:
+            iface_name (str): The name of the interface.
+            bridge_name (str): The name of the bridge.
+            namespace (str, optional): The network namespace where the interface and bridge exist.
+
+        Raises:
+            Exception: If the interface cannot be attached to the bridge.
+        """
+        try:
+            if namespace:
+                context_manager = NetNS(namespace)
+            else:
+                context_manager = IPRoute()
+
+            with context_manager as ns:
+                iface_idx_list = ns.link_lookup(ifname=iface_name)
+                if not iface_idx_list:
+                    raise ValueError(f"Interface {iface_name} not found.")
+                iface_idx = iface_idx_list[0]
+
+                bridge_idx_list = ns.link_lookup(ifname=bridge_name)
+                if not bridge_idx_list:
+                    raise ValueError(f"Bridge {bridge_name} not found.")
+                bridge_idx = bridge_idx_list[0]
+
+                ns.link("set", index=iface_idx, master=bridge_idx)
+        except Exception as e:
+            print(f"Error attaching interface {iface_name} to bridge {bridge_name} in namespace {namespace}: {e}")
+
+def interpret_namespace(namespace_arg):
+    """
+    Interpret the namespace argument.
+
+    If the argument is '1', converts it to None (representing the default namespace),
+    otherwise returns the argument as is.
+
+    Parameters:
+        namespace_arg (str): The namespace argument.
+
+    Returns:
+        str or None: The interpreted namespace.
+    """
+    return None if namespace_arg == '1' else namespace_arg
+
+def main():
+    parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(description="Create veth pairs between containers with optional bridge attachment.")
+    parser.add_argument("-ns1", "--namespace1", default=None, help="Name of the first namespace or container, or '1' for the default namespace.")
+    parser.add_argument("-ns2", "--namespace2", default=None, help="Name of the second namespace or container, or '1' for the default namespace.")
+    parser.add_argument("-n1", "--name1", required=True, help="Name of the first veth interface.")
+    parser.add_argument("-n2", "--name2", required=True, help="Name of the second veth interface.")
+    parser.add_argument("-b1", "--bridge1", default=None, help="Name of the network bridge for ns1.")
+    parser.add_argument("-b2", "--bridge2", default=None, help="Name of the network bridge for ns2.")
+    parser.add_argument("-t1", "--type1", default=None, help="Container type for ns1 ('docker', 'lxc', 'lxd', 'incus', or 'None' for the default namespace).")
+    parser.add_argument("-t2", "--type2", default=None, help="Container type for ns2 ('docker', 'lxc', 'lxd', 'incus', or 'None' for the default namespace).")
+
+    args = parser.parse_args()
+
+    # Processing namespace arguments and container types
+    ns1, type1 = interpret_namespace(args.namespace1), args.type1
+    ns2, type2 = interpret_namespace(args.namespace2), args.type2
+
+    # Instantiate management classes
+    iface_manager = IfaceManager()
+    container_exposer = ContainerNetnsExposer()
+
+    # Expose container network namespaces if applicable
+    if type1 and ns1:
+        ns1_pid = container_exposer.expose_container_netns(ns1, type1)
+        ns1 = ns1_pid
+    if type2 and ns2:
+        ns2_pid = container_exposer.expose_container_netns(ns2, type2)
+        ns2 = ns2_pid
+
+    # Create veth pair
+    iface_manager.create_veth(args.name1, args.name2)
+
+    # Move ends of the veth pair to appropriate namespaces if required
+    if ns1:
+        iface_manager.move(args.name1, ns1)
+    if ns2:
+        iface_manager.move(args.name2, ns2)
+
+    # Optional: Attach to network bridge and bring interfaces up
+    if args.bridge1 and args.name1:
+        iface_manager.attach_to_bridge(args.name1, args.bridge1, ns1)
+        iface_manager.set_interface_up(args.name1, ns1)
+    if args.bridge2 and args.name2:
+        iface_manager.attach_to_bridge(args.name2, args.bridge2, ns2)
+        iface_manager.set_interface_up(args.name2, ns2)
+
+    # Bring up interfaces if not already up
+    if not args.bridge1 and args.name1:
+        iface_manager.set_interface_up(args.name1, ns1)
+    if not args.bridge2 and args.name2:
+        iface_manager.set_interface_up(args.name2, ns2)
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    main()
+
+

scripts/dnsmasq_config_1.conf

@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+# DNS settings
+domain-needed
+bogus-priv
+no-resolv
+server=8.8.8.8
+server=8.8.4.4
+local=/example.local/
+domain=example.local
+
+# DHCP settings
+dhcp-range=192.168.1.100,192.168.1.200,12h
+dhcp-option=3,192.168.1.1
+dhcp-option=6,8.8.8.8,8.8.4.4

scripts/incus_script_1.sh

@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+incus create images:debian/12 deb1
+incus config set deb1 security.syscalls.intercept.mount true
+incus config set deb1 security.nesting true
+incus config set deb1 security.privileged true
+incus start deb1

scripts/incus_script_10.sh

@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+incus exec dnsmasq-container -- systemctl restart dnsmasq
+incus exec dnsmasq-container -- systemctl enable dnsmasq

scripts/incus_script_11.sh

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+incus exec dnsmasq-container -- systemctl status dnsmasq

scripts/incus_script_12.sh

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+incus exec dnsmasq-container -- nslookup example.local 192.168.1.10

scripts/incus_script_2.sh

@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+incus exec dnsmasq-container -- apt update
+incus exec dnsmasq-container -- apt install -y \
+    netplan.io \
+    sudo vim nano git tmux mc zip unzip curl wget htop lynx \
+    iproute2 termshark bridge-utils \
+    python3 python3-ipython python3-pyroute2 python3-scapy \
+    docker.io docker-compose

scripts/incus_script_3.sh

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+incus exec dnsmasq-container -- bash -c 'echo "root:passroot" | chpasswd'

scripts/incus_script_4.sh

@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+incus exec dnsmasq-container -- useradd -m -s /bin/bash user
+incus exec dnsmasq-container -- bash -c 'echo "user:pass" | chpasswd'
+incus exec dnsmasq-container -- usermod -aG sudo user
+incus exec dnsmasq-container -- usermod -aG docker user

scripts/incus_script_5.sh

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+incus exec dnsmasq-container -- bash

scripts/incus_script_6.sh

@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+incus exec dnsmasq-container -- apt update
+incus exec dnsmasq-container -- apt install dnsmasq -y

scripts/incus_script_7.sh

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+incus exec dnsmasq-container -- nano /etc/netplan/01-netcfg.yaml

scripts/incus_script_8.sh

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+incus exec dnsmasq-container -- netplan apply

scripts/incus_script_9.sh

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+incus exec dnsmasq-container -- nano /etc/dnsmasq.conf

scripts/incus_scripts_ALLinONE.sh

@@ -0,0 +1,67 @@
+#!/bin/bash
+
+# Restart usługi dnsmasq w kontenerze
+incus exec deb1 -- systemctl restart dnsmasq
+
+# Włącz automatyczne uruchamianie dnsmasq przy starcie
+incus exec deb1 -- systemctl enable dnsmasq
+
+# Sprawdź status usługi dnsmasq
+incus exec deb1 -- systemctl status dnsmasq
+
+# Test DNS — nslookup
+incus exec deb1 -- nslookup example.local 192.168.1.10
+
+# Utwórz nowy kontener deb1 z obrazu Debian 12
+incus create images:debian/12 deb1
+
+# Konfiguracja bezpieczeństwa dla kontenera deb1
+incus config set deb1 security.syscalls.intercept.mount true
+incus config set deb1 security.nesting true
+incus config set deb1 security.privileged true
+
+# Uruchom kontener deb1
+incus start deb1
+
+# Aktualizacja pakietów w kontenerze deb1
+incus exec deb1 -- apt update
+
+# Instalacja potrzebnych pakietów
+incus exec deb1 -- apt install -y \
+    netplan.io \
+    sudo vim nano git tmux mc zip unzip curl wget htop lynx \
+    iproute2 termshark bridge-utils \
+    python3 python3-ipython python3-pyroute2 python3-scapy \
+    docker.io docker-compose
+
+# Ustaw hasło root
+incus exec deb1 -- bash -c 'echo "root:passroot" | chpasswd'
+
+# Dodaj użytkownika "user" z hasłem "pass" i  grupą "sudo" i " docker"   (opcja dla wewnątrz kontenera i z ns1
+# Wariant ns1
+sudo incus exec deb1 -- su - sudo useradd -m -s /bin/bash -G sudo,docker user && echo 'user:pass' | sudo chpasswd
+
+# Wariant inside container
+sudo useradd -m -s /bin/bash -G sudo,docker user && echo 'user:pass' | sudo chpasswd
+
+# Wejście do powłoki bash w kontenerze (opcjonalne)
+incus exec deb1 -- bash -c "echo 'Wchodzimy do bash...'; exec bash"
+
+# Aktualizacja pakietów ponownie
+incus exec deb1 -- apt update
+
+# Instalacja dnsmasq
+incus exec deb1 -- apt install dnsmasq -y
+
+# Edycja konfiguracji Netplan
+incus exec deb1 -- nano /etc/netplan/01-netcfg.yaml
+
+# Zastosowanie zmian konfiguracji sieciowej
+incus exec deb1 -- netplan apply
+
+# Edycja konfiguracji dnsmasq.conf
+incus exec deb1 -- nano /etc/dnsmasq.conf
+
+echo "Skrypt zakończony."
+
+#made by mbiast and babcia (siah)

scripts/netplan_config_1.yaml

@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+network:
+  version: 2
+  ethernets:
+    eth0:
+      dhcp4: no
+      addresses:
+        - 192.168.1.10/24
+      routes:
+        - to: default
+          via: 192.168.1.1
+      nameservers:
+        addresses: [8.8.8.8, 8.8.4.4]

todo/better_aproach.txt

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+ allign czy konf container from inside /outside side`

todo/firewall.txt

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+sudo iptables -P FORWARD ACCEPT

token.txt

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+da086cb72f6790bee9fc30d03577587f44afbb7f