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\begin{document}
\title{Basic Configuration of dnsmasq in an Incus Container on Debian with Netplan}
@ -54,14 +40,13 @@
\maketitle
\section{Introduction}
This guide provides step-by-step instructions for setting up \texttt{dnsmasq} as a DNS and DHCP server in an Incus container running Debian. The network configuration is managed using Netplan and a custom Python script to create virtual Ethernet (veth) pairs and bridges, ensuring proper network integration.
This guide provides step-by-step instructions for setting up \texttt{dnsmasq} as a DNS and DHCP server in an Incus container running Debian. The network configuration is managed using Netplan to ensure proper network integration.
\section{Prerequisites}
Before proceeding, ensure the following:
\begin{itemize}
\item Incus is installed on the host system (\texttt{sudo apt install incus}).
\item A Debian-based container is created in Incus.
\item Python 3 and the \texttt{pyroute2} package are installed on the host (\texttt{sudo apt install python3 python3-pyroute2}).
\item Basic knowledge of Linux networking and container management.
\item Root or sudo access to the host and container.
\end{itemize}
@ -122,50 +107,8 @@ incus exec dnsmasq-container -- apt update
incus exec dnsmasq-container -- apt install dnsmasq -y
\end{lstlisting}
\subsection{Configuring Network with Veth Pairs and Netplan}
To enable advanced networking, use the provided Python script (\texttt{link.py}) to create a virtual Ethernet (veth) pair connecting the container to the host's network namespace, with an optional bridge for network integration. Save the following script as \texttt{link.py} on the host:
\begin{lstlisting}[language=python]
import argparse
import os
import subprocess
import sys
from pyroute2 import IPRoute, NetNS
# ... (rest of the link.py script as provided) ...
\end{lstlisting}
Run the script to create a veth pair, move one end to the container's network namespace, and attach it to a bridge on the host. First, identify the container's name or ID:
\begin{lstlisting}[language=bash]
incus list
\end{lstlisting}
Assuming the container name is \texttt{dnsmasq-container}, execute the script with sudo privileges:
\begin{lstlisting}[language=bash]
sudo python3 link.py --namespace1 dnsmasq-container --namespace2 1 \
--name1 veth-container --name2 veth-host \
--bridge2 br0 --type1 incus
\end{lstlisting}
\textbf{Explanation:}
\begin{itemize}
\item \texttt{--namespace1 dnsmasq-container}: Specifies the container's network namespace (Incus container).
\item \texttt{--namespace2 1}: Specifies the default (host) namespace.
\item \texttt{--name1 veth-container}: Names the veth interface inside the container.
\item \texttt{--name2 veth-host}: Names the veth interface on the host.
\item \texttt{--bridge2 br0}: Attaches the host's veth interface to a bridge named \texttt{br0}.
\item \texttt{--type1 incus}: Indicates that \texttt{namespace1} is an Incus container.
\end{itemize}
Before running the script, ensure the bridge \texttt{br0} exists on the host. Create it if necessary:
\begin{lstlisting}[language=bash]
sudo ip link add name br0 type bridge
sudo ip link set br0 up
\end{lstlisting}
The script exposes the container's network namespace, creates the veth pair, moves \texttt{veth-container} to the container's namespace, attaches \texttt{veth-host} to \texttt{br0}, and brings both interfaces up.
\subsection{Configuring the Network with Netplan}
Configure the container's network using Netplan to assign a static IP address to the \texttt{veth-container} interface (aliased as \texttt{eth0} for simplicity). Create or edit the Netplan configuration file at \texttt{/etc/netplan/01-netcfg.yaml} inside the container:
Configure the container's network using Netplan to assign a static IP address. Create or edit the Netplan configuration file at \texttt{/etc/netplan/01-netcfg.yaml}:
\begin{lstlisting}[language=bash]
incus exec dnsmasq-container -- nano /etc/netplan/01-netcfg.yaml
\end{lstlisting}
@ -175,8 +118,6 @@ network:
version: 2
ethernets:
eth0:
match:
name: veth-container
dhcp4: no
addresses:
- 192.168.1.10/24
@ -186,27 +127,11 @@ network:
nameservers:
addresses: [8.8.8.8, 8.8.4.4]
\end{lstlisting}
\textbf{Explanation:}
\begin{itemize}
\item \texttt{match: name: veth-container}: Matches the \texttt{veth-container} interface created by the script, aliased as \texttt{eth0}.
\item \texttt{dhcp4: no}: Disables DHCP to use a static IP.
\item \texttt{addresses}: Assigns the static IP \texttt{192.168.1.10/24}.
\item \texttt{routes}: Sets the default gateway to \texttt{192.168.1.1}.
\item \texttt{nameservers}: Specifies Google's DNS servers.
\end{itemize}
Apply the configuration:
\begin{lstlisting}[language=bash]
incus exec dnsmasq-container -- netplan apply
\end{lstlisting}
Verify the network configuration:
\begin{lstlisting}[language=bash]
incus exec dnsmasq-container -- ip a show eth0
incus exec dnsmasq-container -- ping 8.8.8.8
\end{lstlisting}
\subsection{Configuring dnsmasq}
Edit the \texttt{dnsmasq} configuration file at \texttt{/etc/dnsmasq.conf}:
\begin{lstlisting}[language=bash]
@ -256,7 +181,7 @@ Test DNS resolution from within the container:
\begin{lstlisting}[language=bash]
incus exec dnsmasq-container -- nslookup example.local 192.168.1.10
\end{lstlisting}
To test DHCP, connect a client device to the same network (via the \texttt{br0} bridge) and verify that it receives an IP address in the range \texttt{192.168.1.100--192.168.1.200}.
To test DHCP, connect a client device to the same network and verify that it receives an IP address in the range \texttt{192.168.1.100--192.168.1.200}.
\section{Troubleshooting}
If \texttt{dnsmasq} fails to start:
@ -264,10 +189,9 @@ If \texttt{dnsmasq} fails to start:
\item Check the logs: \texttt{incus exec dnsmasq-container -- journalctl -u dnsmasq}.
\item Ensure no other service is using port 53 (DNS) or 67 (DHCP).
\item Verify the network configuration with \texttt{incus exec dnsmasq-container -- ip a} and \texttt{incus exec dnsmasq-container -- ping 8.8.8.8}.
\item Confirm the veth pair and bridge setup: \texttt{ip link show} on the host and \texttt{incus exec dnsmasq-container -- ip link show}.
\end{itemize}
\section{Conclusion}
This guide configures \texttt{dnsmasq} as a DNS and DHCP server in an Incus container on Debian. The \texttt{link.py} script and Netplan configuration ensure a robust network setup with veth pairs and static IP addressing. For advanced configurations, refer to the \texttt{dnsmasq} documentation (\texttt{man dnsmasq}) and \texttt{pyroute2} documentation.
This guide configures \texttt{dnsmasq} as a DNS and DHCP server in an Incus container on Debian. The Netplan configuration ensures proper network setup. For advanced configurations, refer to the \texttt{dnsmasq} documentation (\texttt{man dnsmasq}).
\end{document}

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l.248 \end{lstlisting}
?
! LaTeX Error: Environment lstlisting undefined.
See the LaTeX manual or LaTeX Companion for explanation.
Type H <return> for immediate help.
...
l.250 \begin{lstlisting}
[language=bash]
?
! LaTeX Error: \begin{document} ended by \end{lstlisting}.
See the LaTeX manual or LaTeX Companion for explanation.
Type H <return> for immediate help.
...
l.252 \end{lstlisting}
?
! LaTeX Error: Environment lstlisting undefined.
See the LaTeX manual or LaTeX Companion for explanation.
Type H <return> for immediate help.
...
l.256 \begin{lstlisting}
[language=bash]
?
! LaTeX Error: \begin{document} ended by \end{lstlisting}.
See the LaTeX manual or LaTeX Companion for explanation.
Type H <return> for immediate help.
...
l.258 \end{lstlisting}
?
[5]
[6] (./main.aux)
***********
LaTeX2e <2024-11-01> patch level 2
L3 programming layer <2025-01-18>
***********
)
Here is how much of TeX's memory you used:
1558 strings out of 475178
25442 string characters out of 5766539
415398 words of memory out of 5000000
24568 multiletter control sequences out of 15000+600000
595025 words of font info for 63 fonts, out of 8000000 for 9000
14 hyphenation exceptions out of 8191
57i,6n,65p,390b,220s stack positions out of 10000i,1000n,20000p,200000b,200000s
</home/user/.texlive2025/texmf-var/fonts/pk/ljfour/jknappen/ec/ecrb1200.600p
k> </home/user/.texlive2025/texmf-var/fonts/pk/ljfour/jknappen/ec/ecrm1200.600p
k></usr/share/texmf/fonts/type1/public/lm/lmbx12.pfb></usr/share/texmf/fonts/ty
pe1/public/lm/lmr12.pfb></usr/share/texmf/fonts/type1/public/lm/lmr17.pfb></usr
/share/texmf/fonts/type1/public/lm/lmtk10.pfb></usr/share/texmf/fonts/type1/pub
lic/lm/lmtko10.pfb></usr/share/texmf/fonts/type1/public/lm/lmtt10.pfb></usr/sha
re/texmf/fonts/type1/public/lm/lmtt12.pfb></usr/share/texmf/fonts/type1/public/
lm/lmtt8.pfb>
Output written on main.pdf (6 pages, 239406 bytes).
PDF statistics:
112 PDF objects out of 1000 (max. 8388607)
50 compressed objects within 1 object stream
0 named destinations out of 1000 (max. 500000)
1 words of extra memory for PDF output out of 10000 (max. 10000000)

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py/files.py Normal file
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import re
from pathlib import Path
def get_file_extension_and_default_name(attributes: str, code: str) -> tuple[str, str]:
"""Determine file extension and default name based on attributes and content."""
# Extract language from attributes (e.g., language=bash)
language_match = re.search(r'language=(\w+)', attributes)
language = language_match.group(1).lower() if language_match else 'unknown'
if language == 'bash' or 'incus' in code.lower():
return '.sh', 'incus_script'
elif language == 'yaml':
return '.yaml', 'netplan_config'
elif language == 'python':
return '.py', 'python_script'
else:
# Assume .conf for blocks without language or resembling config
return '.conf', 'dnsmasq_config'
def generate_unique_filename(base_dir: Path, base_name: str, extension: str) -> Path:
"""Generate a unique filename by appending a number if the file exists."""
counter = 1
while True:
filename = f"{base_name}_{counter}{extension}"
file_path = base_dir / filename
if not file_path.exists():
return file_path
counter += 1
def extract_listings():
"""Extract lstlisting code blocks from main.tex and save to scripts folder."""
# Define paths
base_dir = Path(__file__).parent.parent # ~/edu/paso/dnsmasq
tex_file = base_dir / 'doc' / 'main.tex'
scripts_dir = base_dir / 'scripts'
# Ensure scripts directory exists
scripts_dir.mkdir(exist_ok=True)
# Read the LaTeX file
try:
with open(tex_file, 'r', encoding='utf-8') as f:
content = f.read()
except FileNotFoundError:
print(f"Error: {tex_file} not found")
return
except Exception as e:
print(f"Error reading {tex_file}: {str(e)}")
return
# Regex to match lstlisting environments
# Captures optional attributes [language=...,label=...] and code block content
pattern = r'\\begin\{lstlisting\}(\[(.*?)\])?(.*?)\\end\{lstlisting\}'
matches = re.finditer(pattern, content, re.DOTALL)
extracted_count = 0
for match in matches:
# Extract attributes (if any) and code
attributes = match.group(2) or '' # Empty string if no attributes
code = match.group(3).strip()
# Extract label from attributes (e.g., label={setup_container})
label_match = re.search(r'label=\{([^}]+)\}', attributes)
label = label_match.group(1) if label_match else None
# Get file extension and default name
extension, default_name = get_file_extension_and_default_name(attributes, code)
# Use label if available, otherwise use default name
base_name = label if label else default_name
# Generate unique filename
file_path = generate_unique_filename(scripts_dir, base_name, extension)
# Save the code block to a file
try:
with open(file_path, 'w', encoding='utf-8') as f:
f.write(code)
print(f"Saved code block to {file_path}")
extracted_count += 1
except Exception as e:
print(f"Error saving {file_path}: {str(e)}")
if extracted_count == 0:
print("No lstlisting code blocks found in main.tex")
else:
print(f"Completed: Extracted {extracted_count} code block(s) to {scripts_dir}")
if __name__ == "__main__":
extract_listings()

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scripts/dnsmasq_config_1.conf Normal file
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# DNS settings
domain-needed
bogus-priv
no-resolv
server=8.8.8.8
server=8.8.4.4
local=/example.local/
domain=example.local
# DHCP settings
dhcp-range=192.168.1.100,192.168.1.200,12h
dhcp-option=3,192.168.1.1
dhcp-option=6,8.8.8.8,8.8.4.4

5
scripts/incus_script_1.sh Normal file
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incus create images:debian/12 dnsmasq-container
incus config set dnsmasq-container security.syscalls.intercept.mount true
incus config set dnsmasq-container security.nesting true
incus config set dnsmasq-container security.privileged true
incus start dnsmasq-container

2
scripts/incus_script_10.sh Normal file
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incus exec dnsmasq-container -- systemctl restart dnsmasq
incus exec dnsmasq-container -- systemctl enable dnsmasq

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scripts/incus_script_11.sh Normal file
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incus exec dnsmasq-container -- systemctl status dnsmasq

1
scripts/incus_script_12.sh Normal file
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incus exec dnsmasq-container -- nslookup example.local 192.168.1.10

7
scripts/incus_script_2.sh Normal file
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incus exec dnsmasq-container -- apt update
incus exec dnsmasq-container -- apt install -y \
netplan.io \
sudo vim nano git tmux mc zip unzip curl wget htop lynx \
iproute2 termshark bridge-utils \
python3 python3-ipython python3-pyroute2 python3-scapy \
docker.io docker-compose

1
scripts/incus_script_3.sh Normal file
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incus exec dnsmasq-container -- bash -c 'echo "root:passroot" | chpasswd'

4
scripts/incus_script_4.sh Normal file
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incus exec dnsmasq-container -- useradd -m -s /bin/bash user
incus exec dnsmasq-container -- bash -c 'echo "user:pass" | chpasswd'
incus exec dnsmasq-container -- usermod -aG sudo user
incus exec dnsmasq-container -- usermod -aG docker user

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scripts/incus_script_5.sh Normal file
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incus exec dnsmasq-container -- bash

2
scripts/incus_script_6.sh Normal file
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incus exec dnsmasq-container -- apt update
incus exec dnsmasq-container -- apt install dnsmasq -y

1
scripts/incus_script_7.sh Normal file
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incus exec dnsmasq-container -- nano /etc/netplan/01-netcfg.yaml

1
scripts/incus_script_8.sh Normal file
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incus exec dnsmasq-container -- netplan apply

1
scripts/incus_script_9.sh Normal file
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incus exec dnsmasq-container -- nano /etc/dnsmasq.conf

12
scripts/netplan_config_1.yaml Normal file
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network:
version: 2
ethernets:
eth0:
dhcp4: no
addresses:
- 192.168.1.10/24
routes:
- to: default
via: 192.168.1.1
nameservers:
addresses: [8.8.8.8, 8.8.4.4]

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token.txt Normal file
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t8:37b0111174ee4067a3c1c27dace2f4874d3f0860